Ukraine's troops show CBS News how controversial U.S. cluster munitions help them hold Russia at bay_我的网站
A | Near Lyman, Ukraine — At a secret hide-out deep in a forest near the eastern city of Lyman, Ukrainian forces were caught in the crosshairs of a new line of Russian attack. Our CBS News team huddled in the dugout with the troops, not far from the eastern front line, where Russia was putting them under intense pressure with a barrage of artillery in a bid to stretch Ukraine's resources. Moscow wants to force the Ukrainians to bolster their defenses in the area by pulling soldiers away from their counteroffensive in the south. "We've got a couple of weeks now of very huge combats," U.S.-trained Commander Simon Solatenko told us. He and his elite troops from the Bogun Brigade had been up all night, fending off another Russian assault. They're outmanned and outgunned. The Russian forces have almost 10 times more ammunition.
He's lost a friend in the battle, and he's exhausted. "We're holding our line," he told us with a deep sigh. "It is difficult. I can't say our morale is on the top, but we are holding our line and we are standing."The fighting was so close you could smell the gunpowder, Solatenko told us, but they managed yet again to send the Russian soldiers running back in the opposite direction.One thing that has made a difference further along the front line in the region are the U.S. supplied, and controversial, cluster munitions. The Biden administration agreed to send the weapons earlier this summer, as Ukraine's ammunition shortages threatened its counteroffensive.
Critics of that decision worry about a weapon that releases dozens of smaller "bomblets," which sometimes fail to explode — posing a deadly threat to civilians as they can linger on the ground long after a conflict ends. That risk has seen more than 120 countries ban the use of the weapons, but not Russia, Ukraine or the United States.
Commander Musikant of the Bogun Brigade's artillery unit told CBS News they give his forces a crucial advantage: In the absence of air power, cluster munitions enable Ukrainian troops to clear an area quickly, as they can strike a large section of ground using a single shell.We watched as he directed a strike from their control room. With Russian positions in the firing line, Musikant gave the order to unleash one cluster bomb. The gunner out in the field received the order and let it fly, and then he and his men hotfooted it out of there — firing a shell can reveal their position, and they too can become targets.Ukrainian forces fire a U.S.-supplied cluster munition at a Russian position near the front line outside the eastern city of Lyman, amid Russia's ongoing invasion of Ukraine, August 31, 2023. CBS News The hit was successful.The moral dilemma of using a weapon banned by most countries is not up for debate on the battlefields of Ukraine. The men trying to fend off Russia's invasion believe the cluster bombs are crucial to helping them hold the line, at least for now.The Ukrainian soldiers who spoke to CBS News said the "dud rate" — the number of bomblets that fail to explode — on the American cluster munitions has been very low, claiming they've been almost 100% efficient.White House National Security Council spokesman John Kirby said in July that Ukraine was putting the weapons to use "appropriately."Russia, too, has relied on the controversial bombs during its invasion, and U.S. officials say Moscow has used older versions, with higher dud rates.
。 由麦凯尔维工程学院机械工程和材料科学的Lilyan & E. Lisle Hughes教授Srikanth Singamaneni和Singamaneni实验室的前博士后Anushree Seth领导的研究人员开发了FluoroDOT测定法。该研究最近发表在《细胞报告方法》上。
B | 这种高度敏感的检测方法能够在大约30分钟内看到并测量单个细胞分泌的蛋白质。树突状细胞在不同时间点分泌蛋白1（TNFa，红色显示）和蛋白2（IL-6，黄色显示）的FluoroDOT检测图像（从左到右。未受刺激、受刺激30分钟、1小时、2小时和3小时）。
C | 细胞的细胞核以蓝色显示。白色箭头突出显示了只分泌一种蛋白质或两种蛋白质的不同数量和不同时间点的细胞。图像: Srikanth Singamaneni/华盛顿大学与来自其他大学和华盛顿大学医学院的科学家一起发现FluoroDOT检测法用途广泛，价格低廉，可适应任何实验室环境，并且有可能比目前常用的检测法更全面地了解这些蛋白质。生物医学研究人员通过分泌蛋白来了解细胞间通讯、细胞信号传导、激活和炎症等方面的信息，但目前的方法在敏感性方面受到限制，而且可能需要24小时的繁琐处理流程。质子-荧光是Singamaneni实验室创造的一种质子增强的纳米标签，比传统的荧光标签亮16000倍，信噪比超过30倍，这是FluoroDOT检测法与其他检测法的区别所在。
D | Singamaneni说："质子-荧光剂是由金属纳米粒子组成的，它作为天线拉入光线并增强分子荧光团的荧光发射，从而使它成为一种超亮的纳米粒子。
E | "这种质子-荧光的超亮发射使用户能够看到极少量的分泌蛋白，这是他们在现有测定法中无法做到的，加上利用定制的算法，用每个簇或斑点的颗粒数量或点状图案，实现以数字方式测量高分辨率信号。此外，它不需要特殊设备。Singamaneni和他的合作者于2020年在《自然-生物医学工程》杂志上首次发表了他们的等离子体氟化物工作。这项正在申请专利的质子荧光技术由圣路易斯华盛顿大学技术管理办公室授权给Auragent生物科学有限公司。"使用一个简单的荧光显微镜，我们能够同时对一个细胞以及它周围分泌的蛋白质的空间分布进行成像，"Seth说，他作为Singamaneni实验室的博士后学者从事这个项目，并作为Auragent生物科学公司的首席科学家（细胞应用）继续从事这项工作。
F | "我们看到不同细胞类型的有趣分泌模式。这种检测方法还能同时观察来自单个细胞的两种类型的蛋白质。当多个细胞受到相同的刺激时，我们可以将同时分泌两种蛋白质的细胞与只分泌一种蛋白质或根本不分泌的细胞区分开来。"为了验证这项技术，该团队使用了从人类和小鼠细胞中分泌的蛋白质，包括感染了结核分枝杆菌的免疫细胞。
G | 合作者和共同作者之一，医学博士Jennifer A. Philips，医学和分子微生物学系的Theodore和Bertha Bryan教授，以及医学院传染病科的共同主任，已经在她的实验室中使用了FluoroDOT测定。Philips举例说："当结核分枝杆菌感染免疫细胞时，这些细胞通过分泌重要的免疫蛋白（称为细胞因子）做出反应。但不是所有的细胞都以同样的方式对感染做出反应。FluoroDOT测定使我们能够看到群体中的单个细胞如何对感染做出反应--看到哪些细胞正在分泌以及朝哪个方向分泌。这在旧技术中是不可能的。
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